SEJARAH DAN LATAR BELAKANG TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL (pronounced / toʊfəl / Toh-fəl), evaluate the ability of individuals to use and understand English in an academic atmosphere. Sometimes it is the admission requirement for non-native speakers of English in universities and many English-speaking university. In addition, institutions such as government agencies, licensing agencies, businesses, or scholarship programs may require this test. TOEFL score is valid for two years and then will no longer be officially reported [1] since the candidate language proficiency can be significantly changed since the date of the test [citation needed]. Colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent TOEFL score.

The TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and given worldwide. This test was first given in 1964 and has since been taken by more than 23 million students. The test was originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics at Stanford University under the direction of applied linguistics professor Dr. Charles A. Ferguson. [2]

Policies governing the TOEFL program are formulated with the advice of the 16-member council. Council members are affiliated with undergraduate and graduate school, 2-year institutions and public or private institutions with an interest in international education. Other members are specialists in the field of English as a foreign or second language.

TOEFL Committee of Examiners consists of 12 specialists in linguistics, language testing, teaching or research. Its main responsibility is to advise on the contents of the TOEFL test. This committee helps to ensure a valid test is a measure of English proficiency to reflect current trends and methodologies.
Content
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* 1 The format and content
o 1.1 Internet-based Test
o 1.2 Paper-based Test
* 2 Test scores
o 2.1 Internet-based Test
o 2.2 Paper-based Test
o 2.3 TOEFL Score Received
* 3 TOEFL Junior
* 4 Registration
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further Reading
* 8 External links

[Edit] Format and content
[Edit] Internet-based Test

Since its introduction in 2005's, Internet-based Test (iBT) has replaced the better the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although the paper-based testing is still used in select areas. iBT has been introduced gradually, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and worldwide in 2006, with test centers added regularly. CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and the score is no longer valid.

Although initially, the demand for higher test than the availability of seats, and candidates must wait for months, it is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most countries [3] Test of four hours. Consisting of four sections, each measuring the basic language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills) and all tasks focus on the language used in the environment, higher education academic. Noting allowed during the iBT. This test can not be taken more than once a week.

1. Reading

The Reading section consists of 3-5 sections, each about 700 words long and questions about the parts. The verses are on academic topics, they are the type of material that may be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages requires an understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause and effect, compare-contrast, and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, conclusions, important information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical goals and ideas as a whole. New types of questions in the iBT require filling or completing a summary table. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion does not need to come to the right answer.

2. Listen

Listening Section consists of six sections 3-5 minutes long and questions about the parts. This section includes two student conversations and four academic lectures or discussions. A conversation involves two speakers, a good student and professor or campus service providers. college is an independent part of an academic lecture, which may involve the participation of students and not assume that the specific background knowledge in the subject field. Every conversation and lectures sound stimulus only once. Test-takers may take notes as they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer questions. Each conversation is associated with five questions and each college with six. Questions intended to measure the ability to understand the main ideas, important details, implications, the relationship between ideas, information organization, goals and attitudes of speakers speakers.

3. Speak

Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent tasks and four integrated tasks. In two independent tasks, test-takers to answer opinion questions about familiar topics. They are judged on their ability to speak spontaneously and express their ideas clearly and coherently. In two integrated tasks, test-takers read short paragraphs, listen to lectures academic courses or conversation about college life and answer the question by combining the appropriate information from text and conversation. In the remaining two integrated tasks, test-taker to listen to college academic courses or conversation about campus life and then respond to questions about what they hear. In the integrated task, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to accurately synthesize and effectively convey information from reading and listening material. Test-takers may take notes while they read and listen to and can use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers were given a short preparation time before they must begin to speak.

4. Write

Writing section measures the test taker ability to write in an academic atmosphere and consists of two tasks: one integrated task and one independent task. In the integrated task, test-takers read the section on academic topics and then listen to speakers discuss the same topic. Test-takers will then write a summary of key points in the listening and explaining how to relate to the key points from the reading. In the independent task, test-takers must write an essay that states, explains, and supports their opinion about an issue, supporting their opinion or choice, not just a list of personal preference or choice.

Task Description Approx. time
READING 3-5 sections, each containing 12-14 minutes of questions 60-100
LISTENING 6-9 sections, each containing 60-90 minutes of questions 5-6
BREAK - 10 minutes
SPEAKING 6 tasks and 6 questions 20 minutes
WRITING 2 tasks and 2 questions 55 minutes

One part of the test will include extra material incalculable. Educational Testing Service includes extra material in order to test questions for future test forms. When test-takers are given a part again, they should give the same effort with all the questions because they do not know which questions will count and that will be extra. For example, if there is a section to read four not three, then three sections will be counted and one section will not count. One of the four sections can be incalculable.
[Edit] Paper-based Test

In areas where the internet-based test is not available, paper-based test (PBT) is given. Test takers must register in advance either online or by using the registration form provided in the Supplementary Paper TOEFL Bulletin. They must register in advance of the deadline given to ensure a place for test centers have limited seating and may fill early. Tests are given on the date fixed 6 times each year.

This test is 3 hours long and all the tests can be taken on the same day. Students can take exams as many times as they want. However, colleges and universities usually consider only the most recent score.

1. Listening (30 - 40 minutes)

Listening Section consists of 3 parts. The first contained 30 questions about the brief conversation. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The final section asked 12 questions about lectures or talks.

2. Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)

Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises complete the sentences correctly and 25 exercises misidentification.

3. Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

Reading Comprehension section has 50 questions about reading passages.

4. Writing (30 minutes)

Writing section is one of the essay with 250-300 words in average.

[Edit] Test scores
[Edit] Internet-based Test

* Version of the TOEFL iBT assessed on a scale of 0-120 points.
* Each of the four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) receives a score on a scale from 0 to 30. Scale value of four parts added together to determine the total score.
* Any questions talk was originally given a score of 0 to 4, and every question writing was initially given a score of 0 to 5. This score is converted to a scale value from 0 to 30.

[Edit] Paper-based Test

* Final PBT score ranges between 310 and 677 and is based on three subscores: Listening (31-68), Structure (31-68), and Reading (31-67). Unlike CBT, the score Writing section (referred to as the Test of Written English, Twe) is not part of the final value, but rather, are reported separately on a scale of 0-6.
* The test taker receives the Listening, Structure and Reading sections of the TOEFL test is not the percentage of correct answers. The score is modified to take into account the fact that some tests are more difficult than others. Converted scores correct these differences. Therefore, the converted score is a more accurate reflection of the ability of the correct answer is.

[Edit] Acceptable TOEFL score

Most universities use TOEFL scores as only one factor in their admissions process. Each college or program within a college often have a minimum TOEFL score is required. Minimum TOEFL IBT scores range from 61 (Bowling Green State University) to 109 (MIT, Columbia, Harvard) [4] An example of the required TOEFL score indicates acceptance. The TOEFL iBT total score of 74.2 to 82.6 for receiving undergraduate and graduate admission may be required. It is recommended that students check with their prospective institutions directly to understand the admission requirements TOEFL.

ETS has released tables to convert between iBT, CBT and PBT scores.
[Edit] Junior TOEFL

ETS (Educational Testing Service) also offers a Junior TOEFL, a general assessment of language proficiency level of English medium schools, and different products in the family of TOEFL. Junior TOEFL is available only to students aged 11-14 and not regarded as a prediction of TOEFL score of regular students.
[Edit] Registration

* The first step in the process of registration to obtain a copy of the TOEFL Information Bulletin. This bulletin can be obtained by download or order from the TOEFL website.
* From the bulletin, it is possible to determine when and where the iBT version of the TOEFL test will be given.
* The procedure for completing the registration form and deliver it listed in the TOEFL Information Bulletin. This procedure must be followed exactly.

komentar:
menurut saya toefl adalah Tes Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Asing, atau TOEFL (diucapkan / toʊfəl / Toh-fəl), mengevaluasi kemampuan individu untuk menggunakan dan mengerti bahasa Inggris dalam suasana akademis. Kadang-kadang adalah persyaratan untuk bisa masuk penutur non-asli bahasa Inggris di perguruan tinggi banyak yang berbahasa Inggris dan universitas. Selain itu, lembaga-lembaga seperti instansi pemerintah, badan perizinan, bisnis, atau program beasiswa mungkin memerlukan tes ini. Nilai TOEFL berlaku selama dua tahun dan kemudian tidak akan lagi secara resmi dilaporkan [1] sejak kemahiran bahasa kandidat bisa secara signifikan berubah sejak tanggal tes [rujukan?]. Sekolah Tinggi dan universitas biasanya mempertimbangkan hanya skor yang paling terbaru TOEFL .